The LaTeX command typesets a file of text using the TeX program and the LaTeX Macro package for TeX. To be more specific, it processes an input file containing the text of a document with interspersed commands that describe how the text should be formatted. It produces at least three files as output:
xdvi, which
actually uses the `.dvi' file.
For a description of what goes on inside TeX, you should consult The TeXbook by Donald E. Knuth, ISBN 0-201-13448-9, published jointly by the American Mathematical Society and Addison-Wesley Publishing Company.
For a description of LaTeX, you should consult:
LaTeX: A Document Preparation System, by Leslie Lamport, Addison-Wesley Publishing Company, 2nd edition, 1994.
The LaTeX Companion, by Michel Goossens, Frank Mittelbach, and Alexander Samarin, Addison-Wesley, 1994.
A LaTeX command begins with the command name, which consists of a
\ followed by either (a) a string of letters or (b) a single
non-letter. Arguments contained in square brackets, [], are
optional while arguments contained in braces, {}, are required.
NOTE: LaTeX is case sensitive. Enter all commands in lower case unless explicitly directed to do otherwise.
Everything LaTeX numbers for you has a counter associated with it. The name
of the counter is the same as the name of the environment or command that
produces the number, except with no \. (enumi - enumiv are used for
the nested enumerate environment.) Below is a list of the counters used in
LaTeX's standard document classes to control numbering.
part paragraph figure enumi chapter subparagraph table enumii section page footnote enumiii subsection equation mpfootnote enumiv subsubsection
\addtocounter{counter}{value}
The \addtocounter command increments the counter by
the amount specified by the value argument. The value
argument can be negative.
\alph{counter}
This command causes the value of the counter to be printed in
alphabetic characters. The \alph command uses lower case alphabetic
alphabetic characters, i.e., a, b, c... while the
\Alph command uses upper case alphabetic characters, i.e., A,
B, C....
\arabic{counter}
The \arabic command causes the value of the counter
to be printed in Arabic numbers, i.e., 3.
\fnsymbol{counter}
The \fnsymbol command causes the value of the
counter to be printed in a specific sequence of nine symbols that
can be used for numbering footnotes.
eg. From 1-9:
NB. counter must have a value between 1 and 9 inclusive.
\newcounter{foo}[counter]
The \newcounter command defines a new counter named
foo. The counter is initialized to zero.
The optional argument [counter] causes the counter
foo to be reset whenever the counter named in the optional argument
is incremented.
\refstepcounter{counter}
The \refstepcounter command works like \stepcounter
See section \stepcounter,
except it also defines the current \ref value to be the result of
\thecounter.
\roman{counter}
This command causes the value of the counter to be printed in
Roman numerals. The \roman command uses lower case Roman numerals,
i.e., i, ii, iii..., while the \Roman command uses
upper case Roman numerals, i.e., I, II, III....
\stepcounter{counter}
The \stepcounter command adds one to the counter
and resets all subsidiary counters.
\setcounter{counter}{value}
The \setcounter command sets the value of the
counter to that specified by the value argument.
\usecounter{counter}
The \usecounter command is used in the second argument of the
list environment to allow the counter specified to be used to
number the list items.
\value{counter}
The \value command produces the value of the
counter named in the mandatory argument. It can be used where LaTeX
expects an integer or number, such as the second argument of a
\setcounter or \addtocounter command, or in:
\hspace{\value{foo}\parindent}
It is useful for doing arithmetic with counters.
One reason for numbering things like figures and equations is to refer the reader to them, as in "See Figure 3 for more details."
\label{key}
A \label command appearing in ordinary text assigns to the
key the number of the current sectional unit; one appearing inside
a numbered environment assigns that number to the key.
A key can consist of any sequence of letters, digits, or
punctuation characters. Upper and lowercase letters are different.
To avoid accidentally creating two labels with the same name, it is common to use labels consisting of a prefix and a suffix separated by a colon. The prefixes conventionally used are
cha for chapters
sec for lower-level sectioning commands
fig for figures
tab for tables
eq for equations Thus, a label for a figure would look like fig:bandersnatch.
\pageref{key}
The \pageref command produces the page number of the place in
the text where the corresponding \label command appears. ie. where
\label{key} appears.
\ref{key}
The \ref command produces the number of the sectional unit,
equation number, ... of the corresponding \label command.
\newcommand{cmd}[args]{definition}
\newcommand{cmd}[args][default]{definition}
\renewcommand{cmd}[args]{definition}
\renewcommand{cmd}[args][default]{definition}
These commands define (or redefine) a command.
cmd
\. For
\newcommand it must not be already defined and must not begin
with \end; for \renewcommand it must already be
defined.
args
def
def.
definition
cmd; a
parameter of the form #n in cmd is replaced by the
text of the nth argument when this substitution takes place. \newenvironment{nam}[args]{begdef}{enddef}
\newenvironment{nam}[args][default]{begdef}{enddef}
\renewenvironment{nam}[args]{begdef}{enddef}
These commands define or redefine an environment.
nam
\newenvironment there must
be no currently defined environment by that name, and the command
\nam must be undefined. For \renewenvironment the
environment must already be defined.
args
default
default gives the default value for that argument.
begdef
\begin{nam}; a
parameter of the form #n in cmd is replaced by the
text of the nth argument when this substitution takes place.
enddef
\end{nam}. It
may not contain any argument parameters. \newtheorem{env_name}{caption}[within]
\newtheorem{env_name}[numbered_like]{caption}
This command defines a theorem-like environment.
env_name
caption
within
numbered_like
The \newtheorem command may have at most one optional argument.
\newfont{cmd}{font_name}
Defines the command name cmd, which must not be currently
defined, to be a declaration that selects the font named font_name
to be the current font.
Valid LaTeX document classes include:
Other document classes are often available. See section Overview of LaTeX and Local Guide, for details. They are selected with the following command:
\documentclass [options] {class}
All the standard classes (except slides) accept the following options for selecting the typeface size (10 pt is default):
10pt, 11pt, 12pt
All classes accept these options for selecting the paper size (default is letter):
a4paper, a5paper, b5paper, letterpaper, legalpaper, executivepaper
Miscellaneous options:
These options are not available with the slides class:
The slides class offers the option clock for printing the time
at the bottom of each note.
If you specify more than one option, they must be separated by a comma.
Additional packages are loaded by a
command. If you specify more than one package, they must be separated by a comma.
Any options given in the \documentclass command that are unknown
by the selected document class are passed on to the packages loaded with
\usepackage.
Miscellaneous commands for controlling the general layout of the page.
The \flushbottom declaration makes all text pages the same
height, adding extra vertical space when necessary to fill out the page.
This is the standard if twocolumn mode is selected.
The \onecolumn declaration starts a new page and produces
single-column output.
The \raggedbottom declaration makes all pages the height of the
text on that page. No extra vertical space is added.
\twocolumn[text]
The \twocolumn declaration starts a new page and produces
two-column output. If the optional text argument is present, it is
typeset in one-column mode.
LaTeX provides a number of different paragraph-making environments. Each environment begins and ends in the same manner.
\begin{environment-name}
.
.
.
\end{environment-name}
\begin{array}{col1col2...coln}
column 1 entry & column 2 entry ... & column n entry \\
.
.
.
\end{array}
Math arrays are produced with the array environment. It has a single
mandatory argument describing the number of columns and the alignment within
them. Each column, coln, is specified by a single letter that tells
how items in that row should be formatted.
c -- for centred
l -- for flush left
r -- for flush right Column entries must be separated by an &. Column entries may
include other LaTeX commands. Each row of the array must be terminated with the
string \\.
Note that the array environment can only be used in math mode,
so normally it is used inside an equation environment.
\begin{center}
Text on line 1 \\
Text on line 2 \\
.
.
.
\end{center}
The center environment allows you to create a paragraph
consisting of lines that are centred within the left and right margins on the
current page. Each line must be terminated with the string \\.
center environment. This declaration corresponds to the center environment. This
declaration can be used inside an environment such as quote or in a
parbox. The text of a figure or table can be centred on the page by
putting a \centering command at the beginning of the figure or
table environment.
Unlike the center environment, the \centering
command does not start a new paragraph; it simply changes how LaTeX formats
paragraph units. To affect a paragraph unit's format, the scope of the
declaration must contain the blank line or \end command (of an
environment like quote) that ends the paragraph unit.
\begin{description}
\item [label] First item
\item [label] Second item
.
.
.
\end{description}
The description environment is used to make labelled lists. The
label is bold face and flushed right.
\begin{enumerate}
\item First item
\item Second item
.
.
.
\end{enumerate}
The enumerate environment produces a numbered list. Enumerations
can be nested within one another, up to four levels deep. They can also be
nested within other paragraph-making environments.
Each item of an enumerated list begins with an \item command.
There must be at least one \item command within the environment.
The enumerate environment uses the enumi through
enumiv counters (see section Counters).
The type of numbering can be changed by redefining \theenumi etc.
\begin{eqnarray}
math formula 1 \\
math formula 2 \\
.
.
.
\end{eqnarray}
The eqnarray environment is used to display a sequence of
equations or inequalities. It is very much like a three-column
array environment, with consecutive rows separated by
\\ and consecutive items within a row separated by an
&.
An equation number is placed on every line unless that line has a
\nonumber command.
The command \lefteqn is used for splitting long formulas across
lines. It typesets its argument in display style flush left in a box of zero
width.
\begin{equation}
math formula
\end{equation}
The equation environment centres your equation on the page and
places the equation number in the right margin.
\begin{figure}[placement]
body of the figure
\caption{figure title}
\end{figure}
Figures are objects that are not part of the normal text, and are usually "floated" to a convenient place, like the top of a page. Figures will not be split between two pages.
The optional argument [placement] determines where LaTeX will
try to place your figure. There are four places where LaTeX can possibly put a
float:
h (Here) - at the position in the text where the figure
environment appears.
t (Top) - at the top of a text page.
b (Bottom) - at the bottom of a text page.
p (Page of floats) - on a separate float page, which is a
page containing no text, only floats. The standard report and article classes use the default placement
tbp.
The body of the figure is made up of whatever text, LaTeX commands, etc. you
wish. The \caption command allows you to title your figure.
\begin{flushleft}
Text on line 1 \\
Text on line 2 \\
.
.
.
\end{flushleft}
The flushleft environment allows you to create a paragraph
consisting of lines that are flushed left, to the left-hand margin. Each line
must be terminated with the string \\.
flushleft environment. This declaration corresponds to the flushleft environment. This
declaration can be used inside an environment such as quote or in a
parbox.
Unlike the flushleft environment, the \raggedright
command does not start a new paragraph; it simply changes how LaTeX formats
paragraph units. To affect a paragraph unit's format, the scope of the
declaration must contain the blank line or \end command (of an
environment like quote) that ends the paragraph unit.
\begin{flushright}
Text on line 1 \\
Text on line 2 \\
.
.
.
\end{flushright}
The flushright environment allows you to create a paragraph
consisting of lines that are flushed right, to the right-hand margin. Each line
must be terminated with the string \\.
flushright environment. This declaration corresponds to the flushright environment. This
declaration can be used inside an environment such as quote or in a
parbox.
Unlike the flushright environment, the \raggedleft
command does not start a new paragraph; it simply changes how LaTeX formats
paragraph units. To affect a paragraph unit's format, the scope of the
declaration must contain the blank line or \end command (of an
environment like quote) that ends the paragraph unit.
\begin{itemize}
\item First item
\item Second item
.
.
.
\end{itemize}
The itemize environment produces a "bulleted" list. Itemizations
can be nested within one another, up to four levels deep. They can also be
nested within other paragraph-making environments.
Each item of an itemized list begins with an \item
command. There must be at least one \item command within the
environment.
The itemize environment uses the itemi through
itemiv counters (see section Counters).
The type of numbering can be changed by redefining \theitemi etc.
This environment is used for creating letters. See section Letters.
The list environment is a generic environment which is used for
defining many of the more specific environments. It is seldom used in documents,
but often in macros.
\begin{list}{label}{spacing}
\item First item
\item Second item
.
.
.
\end{list}
The {label} argument specifies how items should be labelled.
This argument is a piece of text that is inserted in a box to form the label.
This argument can and usually does contain other LaTeX commands.
The {spacing} argument contains commands to change the spacing
parameters for the list. This argument will most often be null, i.e.,
{}. This will select all default spacing which should suffice for
most cases.
\begin{minipage}[position]{width}
text
\end{minipage}
The minipage environment is similar to a \parbox
command. It takes the same optional position argument and mandatory
width argument. You may use other paragraph-making environments
inside a minipage.
Footnotes in a minipage environment are handled in a way that is
particularly useful for putting footnotes in figures or tables. A
\footnote or \footnotetext command puts the footnote
at the bottom of the minipage instead of at the bottom of the page, and it uses
the mpfootnote counter instead of the ordinary
footnote counter See section Counters.
NOTE: Don't put one minipage inside another if you are using footnotes; they may wind up at the bottom of the wrong minipage.
\begin{picture}(width,height)(x offset,y offset)
.
.
picture commands
.
.
\end{picture}
The picture environment allows you to create just about any kind
of picture you want containing text, lines, arrows and circles. You tell LaTeX
where to put things in the picture by specifying their coordinates. A coordinate
is a number that may have a decimal point and a minus sign -- a number like
5, 2.3 or -3.1416. A coordinate specifies
a length in multiples of the unit length \unitlength, so if
\unitlength has been set to 1cm, then the coordinate
2.54 specifies a length of 2.54 centimetres. You can change the value of
\unitlength anywhere you want, using the \setlength
command, but strange things will happen if you try changing it inside the
picture environment.
A position is a pair of coordinates, such as (2.4,-5),
specifying the point with x-coordinate 2.4 and y-coordinate
-5. Coordinates are specified in the usual way with respect to an
origin, which is normally at the lower-left corner of the picture. Note that
when a position appears as an argument, it is not enclosed in braces; the
parentheses serve to delimit the argument.
The picture environment has one mandatory argument, which is a
position. It specifies the size of the picture. The environment
produces a rectangular box with width and height determined by this argument's
x- and y-coordinates.
The picture environment also has an optional
position argument, following the size argument, that
can change the origin. (Unlike ordinary optional arguments, this argument is not
contained in square brackets.) The optional argument gives the coordinates of
the point at the lower-left corner of the picture (thereby determining the
origin). For example, if \unitlength has been set to
1mm, the command
\begin{picture}(100,200)(10,20)
produces a picture of width 100 millimetres and height 200 millimetres, whose lower-left corner is the point (10,20) and whose upper-right corner is therefore the point (110,220). When you first draw a picture, you will omit the optional argument, leaving the origin at the lower-left corner. If you then want to modify your picture by shifting everything, you just add the appropriate optional argument.
The environment's mandatory argument determines the nominal size of the picture. This need bear no relation to how large the picture really is; LaTeX will happily allow you to put things outside the picture, or even off the page. The picture's nominal size is used by LaTeX in determining how much room to leave for it.
Everything that appears in a picture is drawn by the \put
command. The command
\put (11.3,-.3){...}
puts the object specified by ... in the picture, with its
reference point at coordinates (11.3,-.3). The reference points for various
objects will be described below.
The \put command creates an LR box. You can put
anything in the text argument of the \put command that you'd put
into the argument of an \mbox and related commands. When you do
this, the reference point will be the lower left corner of the box.
Picture commands:
\circle[*]{diameter}
The \circle command produces a circle with a diameter as close
to the specified one as possible. If the *-form of the command is
used, LaTeX draws a solid circle.
Note that only circles up to 40 pt can be drawn.
Draws a box with a dashed line.
\dashbox{dash_length}(width,height){...}
The \dashbox has an extra argument which specifies the width of
each dash. A dashed box looks best when the width and
height are multiples of the dash_length.
\frame{...}
The \frame command puts a rectangular frame around the object
specified in the argument. The reference point is the bottom left corner of the
frame. No extra space is put between the frame and the object.
\framebox(width,height)[position]{...}
The \framebox command is exactly the same as the
\makebox command, except that it puts a frame around the outside of
the box that it creates.
The framebox command produces a rule of thickness
\fboxrule, and leaves a space \fboxsep between the
rule and the contents of the box.
\line(x slope,y slope){length}
The \line command draws a line of the specified
length and slope.
Note that LaTeX can only draw lines with slope = x/y, where x and y have integer values from -6 through 6.
\linethickness{dimension}
Declares the thickness of horizontal and vertical lines in a picture
environment to be dimension, which must be a positive length. It
does not affect the thickness of slanted lines and circles, or the quarter
circles drawn by \oval to form the corners of an oval.
\makebox(width,height)[position]{...}
The \makebox command for the picture environment is similar to
the normal \makebox command except that you must specify a
width and height in multiples of
\unitlength.
The optional argument, [position], specifies the quadrant that
your text appears in. You may select up to two of the following:
t - Moves the item to the top of the rectangle
b - Moves the item to the bottom
l - Moves the item to the left
r - Moves the item to the right See section \makebox.
\multiput(x coord,y coord)(delta x,delta y){number of
copies}{object}
The \multiput command can be used when you are putting the same
object in a regular pattern across a picture.
\oval(width,height)[portion]
The \oval command produces a rectangle with rounded corners. The
optional argument, [portion], allows you to select part of the
oval.
t - Selects the top portion
b - Selects the bottom portion
r - Selects the right portion
l - Selects the left portion Note that the "corners" of the oval are made with quarter circles with a maximum radius of 20 pt, so large "ovals" will look more like boxes with rounded corners.
\put(x coord,y coord){ ... }
The \put command places the item specified by the mandatory
argument at the given coordinates.
\shortstack[position]{... \\ ... \\ ...}
The \shortstack command produces a stack of objects. The valid
positions are:
r - Moves the objects to the right of the stack
l - Moves the objects to the left of the stack
c - Moves the objects to the centre of the stack (default)
\vector(x slope,y slope){length}
The \vector command draws a line with an arrow of the specified
length and slope. The x and y values must lie between
-4 and +4, inclusive.
\begin{quotation}
text
\end{quotation}
The margins of the quotation environment are indented on the
left and the right. The text is justified at both margins and there is paragraph
indentation. Leaving a blank line between text produces a new paragraph.
\begin{quote}
text
\end{quote}
The margins of the quote environment are indented on the left
and the right. The text is justified at both margins. Leaving a blank line
between text produces a new paragraph.
\begin{tabbing}
text \= more text \= still more text \= last text \\
second row \> \> more \\
.
.
.
\end{tabbing}
The tabbing environment provides a way to align text in columns.
It works by setting tab stops and tabbing to them much the way you do with an
ordinary typewriter.
It is best suited for cases where the width of each column is constant and known in advance.
This environment can be broken across pages, unlike the tabular
environment.
The following commands can be used inside a tabbing enviroment:
\=
\>
\<
\+
\-
\'
\>,
\<, \', \\, or \kill
command, to the right of the previous column, flush against the current
column's tab stop.
\`
\` command
moves all the text that follows it, up to the \\ or
\end{tabbing} command that ends the line, to the right margin of
the tabbing environment. There must be no \> or
\' command between the \` and the command that ends
the line.
\kill
\\ except that it throws away the current line instead of
producing output for it. The effect of any \=, \+ or
\- commands in that line remain in effect.
\pushtabs
tabbing environment.
\pushtabs
\pushtabs.
\a
tabbing environment, the commands
\=, \' and \` do not produce accents as
normal. Instead, the commands \a=, \a' and
\a` are used. This example typesets a Pascal function in a traditional format:
\begin{tabbing}
function \= fact(n : integer) : integer;\\
\> begin \= \+ \\
\> if \= n $>$ 1 then \+ \\
fact := n * fact(n-1) \- \\
else \+ \\
fact := 1; \-\- \\
end;\\
\end{tabbing}
\begin{table}[placement]
body of the table
\caption{table title}
\end{table}
Tables are objects that are not part of the normal text, and are usually "floated" to a convenient place, like the top of a page. Tables will not be split between two pages.
The optional argument [placement] determines where LaTeX will
try to place your table. There are four places where LaTeX can possibly put a
float:
h : Here - at the position in the text where the table
environment appears.
t : Top - at the top of a text page.
b : Bottom - at the bottom of a text page.
p : Page of floats - on a separate float page, which is a
page containing no text, only floats. The standard report and article classes use the
default placement [tbp].
The body of the table is made up of whatever text, LaTeX commands, etc., you
wish. The \caption command allows you to title your table.
\begin{tabular}[pos]{cols}
column 1 entry & column 2 entry ... & column n entry \\
.
.
.
\end{tabular}
or
\begin{tabular*}{width}[pos]{cols}
column 1 entry & column 2 entry ... & column n entry \\
.
.
.
\end{tabular*}
These environments produce a box consisting of a sequence of rows of items, aligned vertically in columns. The mandatory and optional arguments consist of:
width
tabular* environment. There must
be rubber space between columns that can stretch to fill out the specified
width.
pos
t - align on top row
b - align on bottom row cols
l - A column of left-aligned items.
r - A column of right-aligned items.
c - A column of centred items.
| - A vertical line the full height and depth of the
environment.
@{text} - This inserts text in every row. An
@-expression suppresses the intercolumn space normally inserted between
columns; any desired space between the inserted text and the adjacent items
must be included in text. An \extracolsep{wd} command in an
@-expression causes an extra space of width wd to appear to the
left of all subsequent columns, until countermanded by another
\extracolsep command. Unlike ordinary intercolumn space, this
extra space is not suppressed by an @-expression. An
\extracolsep command can be used only in an @-expression in the
cols argument.
p{wd} - Produces a column with each item typeset in a
parbox of width wd, as if it were the argument of a
\parbox[t]{wd} command. However, a \\ may not
appear in the item, except in the following situations:
minipage, array,
or tabular.
\parbox.
\centering, \raggedright,
or \raggedleft declaration. The latter declarations must
appear inside braces or an environment when used in a
p-column element. *{num}{cols} - Equivalent to num copies of
cols, where num is any positive integer and
cols is any list of column-specifiers, which may contain
another *-expression. These commands can be used inside a tabular environment:
\cline{i-j}
The \cline command draws horizontal lines across the columns
specified, beginning in column i and ending in column
j, which are identified in the mandatory argument.
The \hline command will draw a horizontal line the width of the
table. It's most commonly used to draw a line at the top, bottom, and between
the rows of the table.
\multicolumn{cols}{pos}{text}
The \multicolumn is used to make an entry that spans several
columns. The first mandatory argument, cols, specifies the number
of columns to span. The second mandatory argument, pos, specifies
the formatting of the entry; c for centred, l for
flushleft, r for flushright. The third mandatory argument,
text, specifies what text is to make up the entry.
The \vline command will draw a vertical line extending the full
height and depth of its row. An \hfill command can be used to move
the line to the edge of the column. It can also be used in an @-expression.
\begin{thebibliography}{widest-label}
\bibitem[label]{cite_key}
.
.
.
\end{thebibliography}
The thebibliography environment produces a bibliography or
reference list. In the article class, this reference list is
labelled "References"; in the report class, it is labelled
"Bibliography".
widest-label: Text that, when printed, is approximately as
wide as the widest item label produces by the \bibitem commands.
\bibitem[label]{cite_key}
The \bibitem command generates an entry labelled by
label. If the label argument is missing, a number is
generated as the label, using the enumi counter. The
cite_key is any sequence of letters, numbers, and punctuation
symbols not containing a comma. This command writes an entry on the
`.aux' file containing cite_key and the item's
label. When this `.aux' file is read by the
\begin{document} command, the item's label is
associated with cite_key, causing the reference to
cite_key by a \cite command to produce the associated
label.
\cite[text]{key_list}
The key_list argument is a list of citation keys. This command
generates an in-text citation to the references associated with the keys in
key_list by entries on the `.aux' file read by the
\begin{document} command.
The optional text argument will appear after the citation, i.e.
\cite[p. 2]{knuth} might produce `[Knuth, p. 2]'.
\nocite{key_list}
The \nocite command produces no text, but writes
key_list, which is a list of one or more citation keys, on the
`.aux' file.
If you use the BibTeX program by Oren Patashnik (highly recommended if you
need a bibliography of more than a couple of titles) to maintain your
bibliography, you don't use the thebibliography environment.
Instead, you include the lines
\bibliographystyle{style}
\bibliography{bibfile}
where style refers to a file style.bst, which
defines how your citations will look. The standard styles distributed with
BibTeX are:
alpha
plain
unsrt
plain, but entries are in order of citation.
abbrv
plain, but more compact labels. In addition, numerous other BibTeX style files exist tailored to the demands of various publications.
The argument to \bibliography refers to the file
bibfile.bib, which should contain your database in BibTeX format.
Only the entries referred to via \cite and \nocite
will be listed in the bibliography.
\begin{theorem}
theorem text
\end{theorem}
The theorem environment produces "Theorem x" in boldface
followed by your theorem text.
\begin{titlepage}
text
\end{titlepage}
The titlepage environment creates a title page, i.e. a page with
no printed page number or heading. It also causes the following page to be
numbered page one. Formatting the title page is left to you. The
\today command comes in handy for title pages.
Note that you can use the \maketitle (see section \maketitle)
command to produce a standard title page.
\begin{verbatim}
text
\end{verbatim}
The verbatim environment is a paragraph-making environment that
gets LaTeX to print exactly what you type in. It turns LaTeX into a typewriter
with carriage returns and blanks having the same effect that they would on a
typewriter.
verbatim environment. \verb char literal_text char
\verb*char literal_text char
Typesets literal_text exactly as typed, including special
characters and spaces, using a typewriter (\tt) type style. There
may be no space between \verb or \verb* and
char (space is shown here only for clarity). The
*-form differs only in that spaces are printed as `\verb*| |'.
\begin{verse}
text
\end{verse}
The verse environment is designed for poetry, though you may
find other uses for it.
The margins are indented on the left and the right. Separate the lines of
each stanza with \\, and use one or more blank lines to separate
the stanzas.
Footnotes can be produced in one of two ways. They can be produced with one
command, the \footnote command. They can also be produced with two
commands, the \footnotemark and the \footnotetext
commands. See the specific command for information on why you would use one over
the other.
\footnote[number]{text}
The \footnote command places the numbered footnote
text at the bottom of the current page. The optional argument,
number, is used to change the default footnote number. This command
can only be used in outer paragraph mode; i.e., you cannot use it in sectioning
commands like \chapter, in figures, tables or in a
tabular environment.
The \footnotemark command puts the footnote number
in the text. This command can be used in inner paragraph mode. The text of the
footnote is supplied by the \footnotetext command.
This command can be used to produce several consecutive footnote markers referring to the same footnote by using
\footnotemark[\value{footnote}]
after the first \footnote command.
\footnotetext[number]{text}
The \footnotetext command produces the text to be
placed at the bottom of the page. This command can come anywhere after the
\footnotemark command. The \footnotetext command must
appear in outer paragraph mode.
The optional argument, number, is used to change the default
footnote number.
A length is a measure of distance. Many LaTeX commands take a
length as an argument.
\newlength{\gnat}
The \newlength command defines the mandatory argument,
\gnat, as a length command with a value of
0in. An error occurs if a \gnat command already
exists.
\setlength{\gnat}{length}
The \setlength command is used to set the value of a
length command. The length argument can be expressed
in any terms of length LaTeX understands, i.e., inches (in),
millimetres (mm), points (pt), etc.
\addtolength{\gnat}{length}
The \addtolength command increments a "length command" by the
amount specified in the length argument. It can be a negative
amount.
\settodepth{\gnat}{text}
The \settodepth command sets the value of a length
command equal to the depth of the text argument.
\settoheight{\gnat}{text}
The \settoheight command sets the value of a length
command equal to the height of the text argument.
\settowidth{\gnat}{text}
The \settowidth command sets the value of a length
command equal to the width of the text argument.
These length parameters can be used in the arguments of the box-making
commands See section Spaces
& Boxes. They specify the natural width etc. of the text in the box.
\totalheight equals \height + \depth. To
make a box with the text stretched to double the natural size, e.g., say
\makebox[2\width]{Get a stretcher}
You can use LaTeX to typeset letters, both personal and business. The
letter document class is designed to make a number of letters at
once, although you can make just one if you so desire.
Your `.tex' source file has the same minimum commands as the other document classes, i.e., you must have the following commands as a minimum:
\documentclass{letter}
\begin{document}
... letters ...
\end{document}
Each letter is a letter environment, whose argument is the name
and address of the recipient. For example, you might have:
\begin{letter}{Mr. Joe Smith\\ 2345 Princess St.
\\ Edinburgh, EH1 1AA}
...
\end{letter}
The letter itself begins with the \opening command. The text of
the letter follows. It is typed as ordinary LaTeX input. Commands that make no
sense in a letter, like \chapter, do not work. The letter closes
with a \closing command.
After the closing, you can have additional material. The
\cc command produces the usual "cc: ...". There's also a similar
\encl command for a list of enclosures. With both these commands,
use \\ to separate the items.
These commands are used with the letter class:
\address{Return address}
The return address, as it should appear on the letter and the envelope.
Separate lines of the address should be separated by \\ commands.
If you do not make an \address declaration, then the letter will be
formatted for copying onto your organisation's standard letterhead. (See section
Overview
of LaTeX and Local Guide, for details on your local implementation). If you
give an \address declaration, then the letter will be formatted as
a personal letter.
\cc{Kate Schechter\\Rob McKenna}
Generate a list of other persons the letter was sent to. Each name is printed on a separate line.
\closing{text}
The letter closes with a \closing command, i.e.,
\closing{Best Regards,}
\encl{CV\\Certificates}
Generate a list of enclosed material.
\location{address}
This modifies your organisation's standard address. This only appears if the
firstpage pagestyle is selected.
\makelabels{number}
If you issue this command in the preamble, LaTeX will create a sheet of address labels. This sheet will be output before the letters.
\name{June Davenport}
Your name, used for printing on the envelope together with the return address.
\opening{text}
The letter begins with the \opening command. The mandatory
argument, text, is whatever text you wish to start your letter,
i.e.,
\opening{Dear Joe,}
\ps
Use this command before a postscript.
\signature{Harvey Swick}
Your name, as it should appear at the end of the letter underneath the space
for your signature. Items that should go on separate lines should be separated
by \\ commands.
\startbreaks
Used after a \stopbreaks command to allow page breaks again.
\stopbreaks
Inhibit page breaks until a \startbreaks command occurs.
\telephone{number}
This is your telephone number. This only appears if the
firstpage pagestyle is selected.
The first thing LaTeX does when processing ordinary text is to translate your
input file into a string of glyphs and spaces. To produce a printed document,
this string must be broken into lines, and these lines must be broken into
pages. In some environments, you do the line breaking yourself with the
\\ command, but LaTeX usually does it for you.
\\[*][extra-space]
The \\ command tells LaTeX to start a new line. It has an
optional argument, extra-space, that specifies how much extra
vertical space is to be inserted before the next line. This can be a negative
amount.
The \\* command is the same as the ordinary \\
command except that it tells LaTeX not to start a new page after the line.
The \- command tells LaTeX that it may hyphenate the word at
that point. LaTeX is very good at hyphenating, and it will usually find all
correct hyphenation points. The \- command is used for the
exceptional cases.
Note that when you insert \- commands in a word, the word will
only be hyphenated at those points and not at any of the hyphenation points that
LaTeX might otherwise have chosen.
The \cleardoublepage command ends the current page and causes
all figures and tables that have so far appeared in the input to be printed. In
a two-sided printing style, it also makes the next page a right-hand
(odd-numbered) page, producing a blank page if necessary.
The \clearpage command ends the current page and causes all
figures and tables that have so far appeared in the input to be printed.
\enlargethispage{size}
\enlargethispage*{size}
Enlarge the \textheight for the current page by the specified
amount; e.g. \enlargethispage{\baselineskip} will allow one
additional line.
The starred form tries to squeeze the material together on the page as much
as possible. This is normally used together with an explicit
\pagebreak.
\fussy
This declaration (which is the default) makes TeX more fussy about line breaking. This can avoids too much space between words, but may produce overfull boxes.
This command cancels the effect of a previous \sloppy command.
section \sloppy
\hyphenation{words}
The \hyphenation command declares allowed hyphenation points,
where words is a list of words, separated by spaces, in which each
hyphenation point is indicated by a - character.
\linebreak[number]
The \linebreak command tells LaTeX to break the current line at
the point of the command. With the optional argument, number, you
can convert the \linebreak command from a demand to a request. The
number must be a number from 0 to 4. The higher the number, the more insistent
the request is.
The \linebreak command causes LaTeX to stretch the line so it
extends to the right margin.
The \newline command breaks the line right where it is. It can
only be used in paragraph mode.
The \newpage command ends the current page.
\nolinebreak[number]
The \nolinebreak command prevents LaTeX from breaking the
current line at the point of the command. With the optional argument,
number, you can convert the \nolinebreak command from
a demand to a request. The number must be a number from 0 to 4. The higher the
number, the more insistent the request is.
\nopagebreak[number]
The \nopagebreak command prevents LaTeX from breaking the
current page at the point of the command. With the optional argument,
number, you can convert the \nopagebreak command from
a demand to a request. The number must be a number from 0 to 4. The higher the
number, the more insistent the request is.
\pagebreak[number]
The \pagebreak command tells LaTeX to break the current page at
the point of the command. With the optional argument, number, you
can convert the \pagebreak command from a demand to a request. The
number must be a number from 0 to 4. The higher the number, the more insistent
the request is.
\sloppy
This declaration makes TeX less fussy about line breaking. This can prevent overfull boxes, but may leave too much space between words.
Lasts until a \fussy command is issued. section \fussy.
A paragraph is ended by one or more completely blank lines -- lines not
containing even a %. A blank line should not appear where a new
paragraph cannot be started, such as in math mode or in the argument of a
sectioning command.
\indent
This produces a horizontal space whose width equals the width of the paragraph indentation. It is used to add paragraph indentation where it would otherwise be suppressed.
\noindent
When used at the beginning of the paragraph, it suppresses the paragraph indentation. It has no effect when used in the middle of a paragraph.
Equivalent to a blank line; often used to make command or environment definitions easier to read.
The command \marginpar[left]{right} creates a note in the
margin. The first line will be at the same height as the line in the text where
the \marginpar occurs.
When you only specify the mandatory argument right, the text
will be placed
By issuing the command \reversemarginpar, you can force the
marginal notes to go into the opposite (inside) margin.
When you specify both arguments, left is used for the left
margin, and right is used for the right margin.
The first word will normally not be hyphenated; you can enable hyphenation by
prefixing the first word with a \hspace{0pt} command.
There are three environments that put LaTeX in math mode:
math
displaymath
equation
The math environment can be used in both paragraph and LR mode,
but the displaymath and equation environments can be
used only in paragraph mode. The math and displaymath
environments are used so often that they have the following short forms:
\(...\) instead of \begin{math}...\end{math}
\[...\] instead of \begin{displaymath}...\end{displaymath}
In fact, the math environment is so common that it has an even
shorter form:
$ ... $ instead of \(...\)
To get an expression exp to appear as a subscript, you just type
_{exp}. To get exp to appear as a
superscript, you type ^{exp}. LaTeX handles
superscripted superscripts and all of that stuff in the natural way. It even
does the right thing when something has both a subscript and a superscript.
LaTeX provides almost any mathematical symbol you're likely to need. The
commands for generating them can be used only in math mode. For example, if you
include $\pi$ in your source, you will get the symbol in your
output.
In a math environment, LaTeX ignores the spaces you type and
puts in the spacing that it thinks is best. LaTeX formats mathematics the way
it's done in mathematics texts. If you want different spacing, LaTeX provides
the following four commands for use in math mode:
\; - a thick space
\: - a medium space
\, - a thin space
\! - a negative thin space \cdots
\ddots
\frac{num}{den}
num divided by
den. eg.
\ldots
\overbrace{text}
\overline{text}
\sqrt[root]{arg}
root, determines what root to produce, i.e., the cube
root of x+y would be typed as $\sqrt[3]{x+y}$. eg.
\underbrace{text}
\underline{text}
\vdots
When LaTeX is processing your input text, it is always in one of three modes:
LaTeX changes mode only when it goes up or down a staircase to a different level, though not all level changes produce mode changes. Mode changes occur only when entering or leaving an environment, or when LaTeX is processing the argument of certain text-producing commands.
"Paragraph mode" is the most common; it's the one LaTeX is in when processing
ordinary text. In that mode, LaTeX breaks your text into lines and breaks the
lines into pages. LaTeX is in "math mode" when it's generating a mathematical
formula. In "LR mode", as in paragraph mode, LaTeX considers the output that it
produces to be a string of words with spaces between them. However, unlike
paragraph mode, LaTeX keeps going from left to right; it never starts a new line
in LR mode. Even if you put a hundred words into an \mbox, LaTeX
would keep typesetting them from left to right inside a single box, and then
complain because the resulting box was too wide to fit on the line.
LaTeX is in LR mode when it starts making a box with an \mbox
command. You can get it to enter a different mode inside the box - for example,
you can make it enter math mode to put a formula in the box. There are also
several text-producing commands and environments for making a box that put LaTeX
in paragraph mode. The box make by one of these commands or environments will be
called a parbox. When LaTeX is in paragraph mode while making a
box, it is said to be in "inner paragraph mode". Its normal paragraph mode,
which it starts out in, is called "outer paragraph mode".
The \documentclass command determines the size and position of
the page's head and foot. The page style determines what goes in them.
\maketitle
The \maketitle command generates a title on a separate title
page - except in the article class, where the title normally goes
at the top of the first page. Information used to produce the title is obtained
from the following declarations:
See section Page Styles for the commands to give the information.
\author{names}
The \author command declares the author(s), where
names is a list of authors separated by \and commands.
Use \\ to separate lines within a single author's entry -- for
example, to give the author's institution or address.
\date{text}
The \date command declares text to be the document's
date. With no \date command, the current date is used.
\thanks{text}
The \thanks command produces a \footnote to the
title.
\title{text}
The \title command declares text to be the title.
Use \\ to tell LaTeX where to start a new line in a long title.
\pagenumbering{num_style}
Specifies the style of page numbers. Possible values of
num_style are:
arabic - Arabic numerals
roman - Lowercase Roman numerals
Roman - Uppercase Roman numerals
alph - Lowercase letters
Alph - Uppercase letters \pagestyle{option}
The \pagestyle command changes the style from the current page
on throughout the remainder of your document.
The valid options are:
plain - Just a plain page number.
empty - Produces empty heads and feet - no page numbers.
headings - Puts running headings on each page. The document
style specifies what goes in the headings.
myheadings - You specify what is to go in the heading with
the \markboth or the \markright commands. \markboth{left head}{right head}
The \markboth command is used in conjunction with the page style
myheadings for setting both the left and the right heading. You
should note that a "left-hand heading" is generated by the last
\markboth command before the end of the page, while a "right-hand
heading" is generated by the first \markboth or
\markright that comes on the page if there is one, otherwise by the
last one before the page.
\markright{right head}
The \markright command is used in conjunction with the page
style myheadings for setting the right heading, leaving the left
heading unchanged. You should note that a "left-hand heading" is generated by
the last \markboth command before the end of the page, while a
"right-hand heading" is generated by the first \markboth or
\markright that comes on the page if there is one, otherwise by the
last one before the page.
\thispagestyle{option}
The \thispagestyle command works in the same manner as the
\pagestyle command except that it changes the style for the current
page only.
Sectioning commands provide the means to structure your text into units.
\part
\chapter (report and book class only)
\section
\subsection
\subsubsection
\paragraph
\subparagraph All sectioning commands take the same general form, i.e.,
\chapter[optional]{title}
In addition to providing the heading in the text, the mandatory argument of the sectioning command can appear in two other places:
You may not want the same thing to appear in these other two places as
appears in the text heading. To handle this situation, the sectioning commands
have an optional argument that provides the text for these other
two purposes.
All sectioning commands have *-forms that print a title,
but do not include a number and do not make an entry in the table of contents.
\appendix
The \appendix command changes the way sectional units are
numbered. The \appendix command generates no text and does not
affect the numbering of parts. The normal use of this command is something like
\chapter{The First Chapter}
...
\appendix
\chapter{The First Appendix}
All the predefined length parameters See section Predefined lengths can be used in the arguments of the box-making commands.
The \dotfill command produces a "rubber length" that produces
dots instead of just spaces.
The \hfill fill command produces a "rubber length" which can
stretch or shrink horizontally. It will be filled with spaces.
The \hrulefill fill command produces a "rubber length" which can
stretch or shrink horizontally. It will be filled with a horizontal rule.
\hspace[*]{length}
The \hspace command adds horizontal space. The length of the
space can be expressed in any terms that LaTeX understands, i.e., points,
inches, etc. You can add negative as well as positive space with an
\hspace command. Adding negative space is like backspacing.
LaTeX removes horizontal space that comes at the end of a line. If you don't
want LaTeX to remove this space, include the optional * argument.
Then the space is never removed.
\addvspace{length}
The \addvspace command normally adds a vertical space of height
length. However, if vertical space has already been added to the same point in
the output by a previous \addvspace command, then this command will
not add more space than needed to make the natural length of the total vertical
space equal to length.
The \bigskip command is equivalent to
\vspace{bigskipamount} where bigskipamount is
determined by the document class.
The \medskip command is equivalent to
\vspace{medskipamount} where medskipamount is
determined by the document class.
\smallskip
The \smallskip command is equivalent to
\vspace{smallskipamount} where smallskipamount is
determined by the document class.
The \vfill fill command produces a rubber length which can
stretch or shrink vertically.
\vspace[*]{length}
The \vspace command adds vertical space. The length of the space
can be expressed in any terms that LaTeX understands, i.e., points, inches, etc.
You can add negative as well as positive space with an \vspace
command.
LaTeX removes vertical space that comes at the end of a page. If you don't
want LaTeX to remove this space, include the optional * argument.
Then the space is never removed.
\fbox{text}
The \fbox command is exactly the same as the \mbox
command, except that it puts a frame around the outside of the box that it
creates.
\framebox[width][position]{text}
The \framebox command is exactly the same as the
\makebox command, except that it puts a frame around the outside of
the box that it creates.
The framebox command produces a rule of thickness \fboxrule, and
leaves a space \fboxsep between the rule and the contents of the
box.
\begin{lrbox}{cmd} text \end{lrbox}
This is the environment form of \sbox.
The text inside the environment is saved in the box cmd, which
must have been declared with \newsavebox.
\makebox[width][position]{text}
The \makebox command creates a box just wide enough to contain
the text specified. The width of the box is specified by the
optional width argument. The position of the text within the box is
determined by the optional position argument.
c -- centred (default)
l -- flushleft
r -- flushright
s -- stretch from left to right margin. The text must contain
stretchable space for this to work. See section \makebox.
\mbox{text}
The \mbox command creates a box just wide enough to hold the
text created by its argument.
Use this command to prevent text from being split across lines.
\newsavebox{cmd}
Declares cmd, which must be a command name that is not already
defined, to be a bin for saving boxes.
\parbox[position][height][inner-pos]{width}{text}
A parbox is a box whose contents are created in
paragraph mode. The \parbox has two mandatory
arguments:
width - specifies the width of the parbox, and
text - the text that goes inside the parbox. LaTeX will position a parbox so its centre lines up with the
centre of the text line. The optional position argument allows you to
line up either the top or bottom line in the parbox (default is top).
If the height argument is not given, the box will have the natural height of the text.
The inner-pos argument controls the placement of the text inside the box. If it is not specified, position is used.
t -- text is placed at the top of the box.
c -- text is centred in the box.
b -- text is placed at the bottom of the box.
s -- stretch vertically. The text must contain vertically
stretchable space for this to work. A \parbox command is used for a parbox containing a small piece
of text, with nothing fancy inside. In particular, you shouldn't use any of the
paragraph-making environments inside a \parbox argument. For larger
pieces of text, including ones containing a paragraph-making environment, you
should use a minipage environment See section minipage.
\raisebox{distance}[extend-above][extend-below]{text}
The \raisebox command is used to raise or lower text. The first
mandatory argument specifies how high the text is to be raised (or lowered if it
is a negative amount). The text itself is processed in LR mode.
Sometimes it's useful to make LaTeX think something has a different size than
it really does - or a different size than LaTeX would normally think it has. The
\raisebox command lets you tell LaTeX how tall it is.
The first optional argument, extend-above, makes LaTeX think
that the text extends above the line by the amount specified. The second
optional argument, extend-below, makes LaTeX think that the text
extends below the line by the amount specified.
\rule[raise-height]{width}{thickness}
The \rule command is used to produce horizontal lines. The
arguments are defined as follows:
raise-height - specifies how high to raise the rule
(optional)
width - specifies the length of the rule (mandatory)
thickness - specifies the thickness of the rule (mandatory)
\savebox{cmd}[width][pos]{text}
This command typeset text in a box just as for
\makebox. However, instead of printing the resulting box, it saves
it in bin cmd, which must have been declared with
\newsavebox.
\sbox{text}
This commands typeset text in a box just as for
\mbox. However, instead of printing the resulting box, it saves it
in bin cmd, which must have been declared with
\newsavebox.
\usebox{cmd}
Prints the box most recently saved in bin cmd by a
\savebox command.
The following characters play a special role in LaTeX and are called "special printing characters", or simply "special characters".
# $ % & ~ _ ^ \ { }
Whenever you put one of these special characters into your file, you are
doing something special. If you simply want the character to be printed just as
any other letter, include a \ in front of the character. For
example, \$ will produce $ in your output.
One exception to this rule is the \ itself because
\\ has its own special meaning. A \ is produced by
typing $\backslash$ in your file.
Also, \~ means `place a tilde accent over the following letter',
so you will probably want to use \verb instead.
In addition, you can access any character of a font once you know its number
by using the \symbol command. For example, the character used for
displaying spaces in the \verb* command has the code decimal 32, so
it can be typed as \symbol{32}.
You can also specify octal numbers with ' or hexadecimal numbers
with ", so the previous example could also be written as
\symbol{'40} or \symbol{"20}.
A large document requires a lot of input. Rather than putting the whole input in a single large file, it's more efficient to split it into several smaller ones. Regardless of how many separate files you use, there is one that is the root file; it is the one whose name you type when you run LaTeX.
\include{file}
The \include command is used in conjunction with the
\includeonly command for selective inclusion of files. The
file argument is the first name of a file, denoting
`file.tex'. If file is one the file names in the file list
of the \includeonly command or if there is no
\includeonly command, the \include command is
equivalent to
\clearpage \input{file} \clearpage
except that if the file `file.tex' does not exist, then a warning
message rather than an error is produced. If the file is not in the file list,
the \include command is equivalent to \clearpage.
The \include command may not appear in the preamble or in a file
read by another \include command.
\includeonly{file_list}
The \includeonly command controls which files will be read in by
an \include command. file_list should be a comma-separated
list of filenames. Each filename must match exactly a filename specified in a
\include command. This command can only appear in the preamble.
\input{file}
The \input command causes the indicated file to be
read and processed, exactly as if its contents had been inserted in the current
file at that point. The file name may be a complete file name with extension or
just a first name, in which case the file `file.tex' is used.
Your input file must contain the following commands as a minimum:
\documentclass{class}
\begin{document}
... your text goes here ...
\end{document}
where the class selected is one of the valid classes for LaTeX.
See section Document
Classes (and see section Overview
of LaTeX and Local Guide), for details of the various document classes
available locally.
You may include other LaTeX commands between the \documentclass
and the \begin{document} commands (i.e., in the `preamble').
A table of contents is produced with the \tableofcontents command. You put the command right where you want the table of
contents to go; LaTeX does the rest for you. It produces a heading, but it does
not automatically start a new page. If you want a new page after the table of
contents, include a \newpage command after the
\tableofcontents command.
There are similar commands \listoffigures and
\listoftables for producing a list of figures
and a list of tables, respectively. Everything works exactly the same as for the
table of contents.
NOTE: If you want any of these items to be generated, you cannot have the
\nofiles command in your document.
\addcontentsline{file}{sec_unit}{entry}
The \addcontentsline command adds an entry to the specified list
or table where:
file is the extension of the file on which information is to
be written: toc (table of contents), lof (list of
figures), or lot (list of tables).
sec_unit controls the formatting of the entry. It should be
one of the following, depending upon the value of the file argument:
toc -- the name of the sectional unit, such as part or
subsection.
lof -- figure
lot -- table entry is the text of the entry. \addtocontents{file}{text}
The \addtocontents command adds text (or formatting commands)
directly to the file that generates the table of contents or list of figures or
tables.
file is the extension of the file on which information is to
be written: toc (table of contents), lof (list of
figures), or lot (list of tables).
text is the information to be written. \typein[cmd]{msg}
Prints msg on the terminal and causes LaTeX to stop and wait for
you to type a line of input, ending with return. If the cmd
argument is missing, the typed input is processed as if it had been included in
the input file in place of the \typein command. If the
cmd argument is present, it must be a command name. This command
name is then defined or redefined to be the typed input.
\typeout{msg}
Prints msg on the terminal and in the log file.
Commands in msg that are defined with \newcommand or
\renewcommand are replaced by their definitions before being
printed.
LaTeX's usual rules for treating multiple spaces as a single space and
ignoring spaces after a command name apply to msg. A
\space command in msg causes a single space to be
printed. A ^^J in msg prints a newline.
The typeface is specified by giving the "size" and "style". A
typeface is also called a "font".
The following type style commands are supported by LaTeX.
These commands are used like \textit{italics text}. The
corresponding command in parenthesis is the "declaration form", which takes no
arguments. The scope of the declaration form lasts until the next type style
command or the end of the current group.
The declaration forms are cumulative; i.e., you can say
\sffamily\bfseries to get sans serif boldface.
You can also use the environment form of the declaration forms; e.g.
\begin{ttfamily}...\end{ttfamily}.
\textrm (\rmfamily)
\textit (\itshape)
\emph
\textmd (\mdseries)
\textbf (\bfseries)
\textup (\upshape)
\textsl (\slshape)
\textsf (\sffamily)
\textsc (\scshape)
\texttt (\ttfamily)
\textnormal (\normalfont)
\mathrm
\mathbf
\mathsf
\mathtt
\mathit
\mathnormal
\mathcal
In addition, the command \mathversion{bold} can be used for switching to bold letters and symbols in
formulas. \mathversion{normal} restores the default.
The following standard type size commands are supported by LaTeX.
The commands as listed here are "declaration forms". The scope of the declaration form lasts until the next type style command or the end of the current group.
You can also use the environment form of these commands; e.g.
\begin{tiny}...\end{tiny}.
\tiny
\scriptsize
\footnotesize
\small
\normalsize
\large
\Large
\LARGE
\huge
\Huge
These commands are primarily intended for writers of macros and packages. The commands listed here are only a subset of the available ones. For full details, you should consult Chapter 7 of The LaTeX Companion.
\fontencoding{enc}
OT1 and T1.
\fontfamily{family}
cmr for Computer Modern Roman
cmss for Computer Modern Sans Serif
cmtt for Computer Modern Typewriter \fontseries{series}
m Medium (normal)
b Bold
c Condensed
bc Bold condensed
bx Bold extended \fontshape{shape}
n Upright (normal)
it Italic
sl Slanted (oblique)
sc Small caps
ui Upright italics
ol Outline \fontsize{size}{skip}
\baselineskip to use. The unit of
both parameters defaults to pt. A rule of thumb is that the baselineskip
should be 1.2 times the font size.
\selectfont
\selectfont is
called.
\usefont{enc}{family}{series}{shape}
\fontencoding,
\fontfamily, \fontseries and \fontshape
with the given parameters, followed by \selectfont. The input file specification indicates the file to be formatted; TeX uses `.tex' as a default file extension. If you omit the input file entirely, TeX accepts input from the terminal. You specify command options by supplying a string as a parameter to the command; e.g.
latex "\scrollmode\input foo.tex"
will process `foo.tex' without pausing after every error.
Output files are always created in the current directory. When you fail to
specify an input file name, TeX bases the output names on the file specification
associated with the logical name TEX_OUTPUT, typically texput.log.
This document was generated on 8 July 1996 using the texi2html translator version 1.50.