1. Formulate the theorem about the rank and the nullity of a matrix. Use this theorem to prove that if a subspace W of Rn has dimension m then the orthogonal complement Wc has dimension n-m.
The theorem says that the rank of an m by n matrix plus the nullity of this matrix is equal to n.
Let W be spanned by m linearly independent vectors (A1=a11,...,a1n), ..., Am=(am1,...,amn). Then the
orthogonal complement Wc consists of vectors which are
orthogonal to A1,...,Am. Thus this orthogonal complement coinsides with the set of all vectors v=(x1,...,xm) which are solutions of the system of equations Mv=0 where
M is the matrix with rows A1,...,Am).
The dimension of Wc is then the nullity of M. The
rank of M is equal to m because the rows of this matrix are
linearly independdent. Therefore by the theorem about the rank and the nullity,
the dimension of the orthogonal complement is n-m.
2. Is it true that the map from C(0,1) to R2
which takes every function f(x) from C(0,1) to the vector
(f(1)+f(0)2, f(1)+f(0)) is a linear transformation?
No. Take f(x)=x+1, g(x)=x+2. Then T(f+g) is not equal to
T(f)+T(g).
3. What is the standard matrix of the rotation of R2
through the angle Pi/4 counterclockwise?
[cos(Pi/4) -sin(Pi/4)] [sin(Pi/4) cos(Pi/4)]
4. Represent the following matrix as a product of elementary matrices.
[-7 4] [-4 2]
[-7 4] =[1 2]*[1 0]*[ 1 0] [-4 2] [0 1] [0 2] [-2 1]
5. (i) For which values of a is the following matrix A invertible.
(ii) In the case
when it is invertible, find the inverse.
(iii) What is the rank of this matrix depending on a?
(iv) For which values of a the linear operator in R3
with standard matrix A is surjective?
(v) What is the dimension of the null space of this matrix depending on a?
(vi) What is the basis of the column space of this matrix depending on a?
[a-1 1 1 ] A = [0 a 1 ] [0 0 a-2]
(i) The matrix is invertible if and only if its determinant is not 0. The determinant of our matrix is (a-1)a(a-2). So the matrix is invertible if and only if a is not equal to 0, 1 and 2.
(ii)
[1/(a-1) -1/a(a-1) -1/a(a-2)] A-1= [0 1/a -1/a(a-2)] [0 0 1/(a-2) ]
(iii) If a is 1, 0 or 2 then the rank is 2. Otherwise the rank is 3.
(iv) An operator in Rn is surjective if and only if it is invertible if and only if its standard matrix is invertible. So our operator
is surjective if and only if a is not equal to 0, 1, 2.
(v) By the theorem about the rank and the nullity, the dimension of the null space
is 0 if a is not 0, 1, 2. Otherwise it is equal to 1.
(vi) If a=1 then the basis is (1,1,0), (1,1,-1), if a=0 then the basis is (-1,0,0), (1,1,-2). If a=2 then the basis is (1, 0, 0), (1,2,0). In all other cases, the column space coincides with R3, so the basis is {i,j,k}.
6. For which values of parameter a do the following vectors form
a basis in R2:
(a2, 2a), (1,1).
7. For which values of k is the matrix
[1 -2] [k 0]a linear combination of the following two matrices:
[ 3 0] [ 2 -1] [-2 0], [-5 0]
1 = 3x +2y -2 = - y k =-2x -5y
3 2 1 0 -1 -2 -2 -5 kUsing the Gauss-Jordan procedure we get the matrix
1 0 -5-(1/2)k 0 1 2 0 0 12+(3/2)kThus the system has a solution if and only if 12+(3/2)k=0, that is k=-8. If k=-8 then x=-1, y=2.
8. Find the determinant of the following n by n matrix:
[1 1 1 1.... 1] [0 1 1 1.... 1] [0 0 1 1.....1] .................... [1 0 0 0 ....1]
If n=1 then the determinant is 1, if n=2 then the
determinant is 0. Suppose that n>2.
Expand along the first column. One of the two matrices that you get is upper triangular with determinant 1, and the second matrix has two equal rows, so its determinant is 0. Thus the determinant of our matrix is 1.
9. (i) Find the orthogonal basis in the subspace of R4
spanned by the following 3 vectors: (1,1,1,1), (1,-1,1,1), (1,1,-1,1).
(ii) Find the projection of the vector i=(1,0,0,0) onto this subspace.
(i) The Gram-Schmidt method gives us three vectors:
a=(1,1,1,1), b=(1/2, -3/2, 1/2, 1/2), c=(2/3, 0, -4/3, 2/3).
This is the answer to part (i).
(ii) The projection is (< i,a>/< a,a>)a+(< i,b> /< b,b>)b+(< i,c>/< c,c>)c= 1/4(1,1,1,1)+1/6(1/2,-3/2,1/2,1/2)-1/2(2/3,0,-4/3,2/3)= (1/2, 0, 0, 1/2).
10. Let T be the linear operator in R2
with the following standard matrix:
[ 3 2] [-1 0]
(ii) An eigenvector, corresponding to 1 is (1,-1), the eigenvector, corresponding to 2 is (2,-1). these two vectors for the basis Bwhere the matrix of our operator is diagonal with 1 and 2 on the main diagonal.
(iii) The transition matrix from B to the standard basis is
[ 1 2] [-1 -1]
The transition matrix from the standard basis to B is the inverse of this matrix:
[-1 -2] [ 1 1]